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While individual countries work to achieve and strengthen their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, the growing emissions from two economic sectors remain largely outside most countries' NDCs: intern...
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While individual countries work to achieve and strengthen their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, the growing emissions from two economic sectors remain largely outside most countries' NDCs: international shipping and international aviation. Reducing emissions from these sectors is particularly challenging because the adoption of any policies and targets requires the agreement of a large number of countries. However, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) have recently announced strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions from their respective sectors. Here we provide information on the climate benefits of these proposed measures, along with related potential measures. Given that the global average temperature has already risen 1?°C above preindustrial levels, there is only 1.0 or 0.5?°C of additional "allowable warming" left to stabilize below the 2 or 1.5?°C thresholds, respectively. We find that if no actions are taken, CO_2 emissions from international shipping and aviation may contribute roughly equally to an additional combined 0.12?°C to global temperature rise by end of century - which is 12?% and 24?% of the allowable warming we have left to stay below the 2 or 1.5?°C thresholds (1.0 and 0.5?°C), respectively. However, stringent mitigation measures may avoid over 85?% of this projected future warming from the CO_2 emissions from each sector. Quantifying the climate benefits of proposed mitigation pathways is critical as international organizations work to develop and meet long-term targets.
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Equity has started to be put into practice in the global stocktake (GST), a key process in implementing the Paris Agreement. The Paris rulebook specifies inputs and modalities for the GST, explicitly referring to equity or fairnes...
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Equity has started to be put into practice in the global stocktake (GST), a key process in implementing the Paris Agreement. The Paris rulebook specifies inputs and modalities for the GST, explicitly referring to equity or fairness in seven places, with an important additional implicit reference. This paper illustrates how equity is part of information collected, considered by experts during technical assessment and captured in outputs of all components of the GST. Consequently, equity will be part of the outcome of the GST, which will inform countries as they consider their next nationally determined contributions (NDCs). Fairness in NDCs is a key way of including equity in the Paris Agreement, and a critical input into the GST. Equity is salient to all themes of the GST - mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation and support, as well loss and damage, and response measures. On each of these, the paper suggests overarching questions, modalities and inputs relating to equity that could be used in future. The analysis suggests that more equitable outcomes can be achieved, thereby enabling ambition. Key policy insights Equity has started to be put into practice in inputs and modalities of the global stocktake. The Paris rulebook includes equity across all its components: inputs, assessment and consideration of outputs. Critical inputs on equity for the GST include fairness considerations in NDCs, voluntary submissions by Parties and IPCC reports. Consideration of equity in the GST process can lead to more equitable outcomes, enabling stronger collective ambition. Starting to put equity into practice in the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement
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摘要 :AbstractThe differentiation of developed and developing countries is a critical challenge during operationalization of the Paris Agreement. The Agreement has been prepared and established under the clear guidance of the Conference...
展开AbstractThe differentiation of developed and developing countries is a critical challenge during operationalization of the Paris Agreement. The Agreement has been prepared and established under the clear guidance of the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The motivation through constructing a new agreement is to include all countries for combatting climate change. Unlike the UNFCCC, the agreement is not referring to Annex-I, non-Annex or any specific country groups. Therefore, before the Agreement starts implementation in 2020, highlights as developed and developing countries in the agreement require a new definition and criteria. In this paper, we rank countries based on differentiation proposals for classification of developed and developing countries particularly on mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by using data from the world's top 50 emitters. The findings suggest that classifications based on the Annex system of the UNFCCC do not give a clear reference point to define developed and developing countries.Highlights?The Paris Agreement has entered into force as a new legal document in order to include all countries for combatting climate change.?Many issues in the Paris Agreement are needed to be clarified such as differentiation of countries either developed and developing countries.?Top 50 greenhouse gas emitter countries are analyzed based on some differentiation proposals.?New definition and criteria should be set to define all countries' responsibilities.]]>
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The Paris Agreement introduced a 1.5?°C target to control the rise in global temperature, but clear arrangements for feasible implementation pathways were not made. Achieving the 1.5?°C target imposes high requirements on global...
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The Paris Agreement introduced a 1.5?°C target to control the rise in global temperature, but clear arrangements for feasible implementation pathways were not made. Achieving the 1.5?°C target imposes high requirements on global emission reduction. Nationally Determined Contributions of all Parties are far from the 1.5?°C target, and conventional emission reduction technologies and policies will also have difficulty in fulfilling this task. In this context, geoengineering is gaining interest in the international arena. The Paris Agreement includes afforestation, carbon capture, utilization and storage, and negative emission technologies such as bio-energy with carbon capture and store. All of these techniques are CO2 removal technologies that belong to geoengineering. Solar radiation management, which is highly controversial, has also attracted increased attention in recent years. Although the outline of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5?°C does not include a specific section on geoengineering issues yet, geoengineering is an unconventional technical option that cannot be avoided in research and discussions on impact assessment, technical options, ethics, and international governance under the 1.5?°C target. On the basis of analyzing and discussing abovementioned issues, this paper proposes several policy suggestions for China to strengthen research on and response to geoengineering.
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Adaptation to climate change has steadily risen on global policy agendas andentered a new era with the 2015 Paris Agreement, which established a global goalon adaptation. While this goal responds to calls to strengthen global gove...
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Adaptation to climate change has steadily risen on global policy agendas andentered a new era with the 2015 Paris Agreement, which established a global goalon adaptation. While this goal responds to calls to strengthen global governance ofadaptation, it has not yet been operationalized. Further, few studies take stock ofcurrent global adaptation governance to inform the implementation of the goal.Against this background this review asks: To what extent is there global governanceof climate change adaptation? Can it be characterized as a strong domain ofglobal governance? In what ways is it contested? Global adaptation governance isdefined here as occurring when state and non-state actors in the global (includingtransnational) sphere authoritatively and intentionally shape the actions of constituentstowards climate change adaptation as a public goal. Although empirical evidenceis scant, it is proposed here that global adaptation governance is indeedemerging. Yet, its further strengthening appears contested. First, measurement ofprogress towards adaptation as a public goal at the global level is severely challengedby the ambiguity of adaptation and the lack of distinct metrics. Second, thelack of a clear global-level problem-framing, or recognition of adaptation as aglobal public good, has meant limited legitimacy of global governance initiatives.A consequence of contestation is that governance forms and functions used so farhave not been authoritative in how they seek to shape actions. The review concludesby identifying research needs for advancing science and policy onadaptation.
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Climate change is a global problem that requires collective action. While the international community has been slow in taking effective action in limiting global temperature rise, the 21st Congress of the Parties of the United Nat...
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Climate change is a global problem that requires collective action. While the international community has been slow in taking effective action in limiting global temperature rise, the 21st Congress of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change may prove to be a milestone in climate negotiations. Past climate deals failed in part due to their attempts to impose mitigation targets on reluctant countries, rather than allowing each country to set its own targets that it believes is achievable. The subsequent Paris Agreement is a post-Kyoto Protocol emissions reduction framework beyond 2020 which aspires to prevent global temperature increase below the 2℃ benchmark. Whether countries will heed emission reduction calls and the 2℃ global temperature goal is achieved remain to be seen.
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This viewpoint paper examines the transparency in communicating the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by parties of the Paris Agreement. The findings reveal that equity and transparency count heavily on the reporting of N...
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This viewpoint paper examines the transparency in communicating the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by parties of the Paris Agreement. The findings reveal that equity and transparency count heavily on the reporting of NDCs and their domestic mitigation ambitions. The agreement relies heavily on voluntary commitments and pledges for emission mitigation instead of legal bindings for developed and developing nations. The efficiency of the Paris climate regime can be enhanced by improving transparency in financing climate projects and efficiently designing the review and assessment mechanisms. The parties involved in the Paris agreement are expected to report their present and future NDCs with the utmost integrity and prepare them in line with their domestic social-economic sustainable development goals, besides developing resilience and capacity buildings. The participating nations should enrich their existing mitigation and adaptation mechanisms. The developed countries should take the lead in promoting innovations and financing projects related to mitigation without compromising on the rights of the developing countries. The world acknowledges the role of technology, especially artificial intelligence, in climate mitigation, gradually shifting to zero-carbon society not only to achieve the UN sustainable goals by 2030 but also to limit the global average temperature below 2℃ and strive for limiting it to 1.5℃ above pre-industrial level mean global temperature. The success of the Paris Agreement will depend on the confidence level of the parties in meeting their pledged targets besides strictly adhering to their NDCs.
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Meeting the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to well below 2?°C and pursuing efforts towards 1.5?°C is likely to require more rapid and fundamental energy system changes than the previously-agreed 2?°C target. Her...
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Meeting the Paris Agreement's goal to limit global warming to well below 2?°C and pursuing efforts towards 1.5?°C is likely to require more rapid and fundamental energy system changes than the previously-agreed 2?°C target. Here we assess over 200 integrated assessment model scenarios which achieve 2?°C and well-below 2?°C targets, drawn from the IPCC's fifth assessment report database combined with a set of 1.5?°C scenarios produced in recent years. We specifically assess differences in a range of near-term indicators describing CO2 emissions reductions pathways, changes in primary energy and final energy across the economy's major sectors, in addition to more detailed metrics around the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), negative emissions, low-carbon electricity and hydrogen.
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The Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016, sets the ambitious climate change mitigation goal of limiting the global temperature increase to below 2 degrees C and ideally 1.5 degrees C. This puts a severe constraint on ...
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The Paris Agreement, which entered into force in 2016, sets the ambitious climate change mitigation goal of limiting the global temperature increase to below 2 degrees C and ideally 1.5 degrees C. This puts a severe constraint on the remaining global GHG emissions budget. While international shipping is also a contributor to anthropogenic GHG emissions, and CO2 in particular, it is not included in the Paris Agreement. This article discusses how a share of a global CO2 budget over the twenty-first century could be apportioned to international shipping, and, using a range of future trade scenarios, explores the requisite cuts to the CO2 intensity of shipping. The results demonstrate that, under a wide range of assumptions, existing short-term levers of efficiency must be urgently exploited to achieve mitigation commensurate with that required from the rest of the economy, with virtually full decarbonization of international shipping required as early as before mid-century.
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